According to available research, praise can have both positive and negative effects on children and depends on how it is given. Here are some things to keep in mind when praising children:
- Be specific: Children respond better to praise when they know what it is for (e.g., “Nice job finishing that challenging assignment” instead of “Nice job”).
- Focus on the effort rather than the ability: Specific, effort-based praise (e.g., “You worked really hard on that project”) is more effective than vague, ability-based praise (e.g., “You’re so smart”). This type of praise helps children develop a growth mindset, where they see their abilities as malleable and can be improved with effort.
- Inflated praise can be problematic: When children receive inflated praise, it can actually reduce their motivation and performance (e.g., “You’re the best artist in the whole class!”).
- Praising the process is important: Rather than just praising the outcome, it is important to praise the process that led to the outcome. This can include things like persistence, creativity, and problem-solving skills. Children who receive process praise (e.g., “I love how you kept trying different strategies until you figured it out”) may be more likely to enjoy learning and feel confident in their abilities.
For further reading:
- Brummelman, E., et al. (2014). Praise inflation: The effects of inflated praise on children’s motivation and performance. Child Development, 85, 1359-1374.
- Cimpian, A., et al. (2007). The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic motivation: A review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 671-698.
- Kamins, M. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self-worth and coping. Developmental Psychology, 35, 835-847.
- Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 33-52.
